Its resistance to anti-pseudomonal β-lactams, advanced-generation cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems is also an increasing clinical problem.
aeruginosa is characterized by inherent resistances to a wide variety of antimicrobials. 1 Included in this broad-risk category are neonates and children who have previously received antimicrobial agents and those with primary or secondary immunodeficiencies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen and a leading cause of nosocomial infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Received 10 October 2003 returned 4 November 2003 revised 1 December 2003 accepted 1 December 2003 Introduction Keywords: metallo-β-lactamases, serotypes, PFGE, β-lactams, carbapenems The formation of this unusual bla VIM-4 gene cassette could be explained by a mechanism involving deletion of a segment of an ancestral tandem repeat of bla VIM-4 via slipped strand replication, mediated by a combination of polymerase and integrase. aeruginosa isolates infecting Polish children hospitalized on surgical wards. The bla VIM-4 gene included an unusual direct repeat of 169 bp of the 3′ portion of the bla VIM-4 gene.Ĭonclusions: An unusual bla VIM-4 MβL has become endemic in P. The integron included two resistance cassettes, aacA4 in the first position and the bla VIM-4 cassette in the second position. All 11 MβL-producing strains contained an identical class 1 integron with the usual 5′ and 3′ conserved sequences. aeruginosa strains belonged to serotype O:6, and PFGE analysis revealed four different patterns and three sub-types. aeruginosa strains harbouring this MβL have become endemic in this hospital since then. The first strain appeared in 1998, and P. Results: Eleven of these strains were found to contain the metallo-β-lactamase (MβL) gene bla VIM-4. Methods: The strains were analysed by a combination of genotyping and PCR-based strategies. These strains were investigated further to determine the mechanism of resistance. The character table below is showing a pixel precise graphical representation for each character, alongside with a text description.Objectives: During 1997–2001, 151 isolates of imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained from clinical specimens taken from children hospitalized in Warsaw, Poland.
#Greek question mark vim code
Only the extended character set differs from the original code page, both the control characters and the standard character set being plain ASCII. It is not very popular, Code page 737 being the most widely used one. The characters in the 128-255 range are referred to as extended ASCII.Ĭode page 869 is an alternative code page used to write Greek language. It later was expanded to support 256 characters (8-bit code) in order to provide language specific characters, various symbols, as well as box-drawing characters: elements used for presentation purposes, allowing to draw different kind of frames and boxes. The first 32 characters are control characters (also called non-printable characters), which are used to control data streams as well as devices such as printers. The original character set, which is now referred as the standard character set was initially composed of 128 characters (7-bit code). American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII) is a widely used character encoding system introduced in 1963.